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There are both Sunni and Shite orders of Sufism, with others being their mixture and still others claiming no allegiance to one or the other all sects trace their original tenets back to the Prophet Mohammad (Al-Ghazali supported this view, noting the Quran as Sufism’s origin however, some scholars argue that Sufism began before the rise of Islam and some Muslims argue that Sufism is not Islam). In addition to traditional ascetic practices, classical Sufism practiced dhikr, an activity of repeating the names of God. It is the mystical branch of Islam it advocates a spiritual exercise to purify the heart and focus it on God. The etymology of the name sufi is uncertain, perhaps tracing back to the Arabic safa, purity, or to suf, wool, referring to the simple wool cloaks the early Islamic ascetics wore a medieval Iranian scholar, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, argued that the name came from the Greek sophia, wisdom. British Library Holdings: Digitalized Al-Ghazzali Manuscripts.He immensely influenced Latin medieval philosophy-mainly on the reconciliation of reason and revelation, and through the works of Avveroes (Ibn Rushd, 1126-98) and diverse Jewish thinkers. He was strongly influenced by Aristotle and also a mystic in the Sufi tradition of Sunni Islam. We remember him today as an Islamic jurist, theologian, and philosopher. He eventually returned to his hometown of Tus, where he founded a private school and Sufi convent and remained five years before his death at 53.
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To be free of worldly distractions he arranged the care of his family and set off wandering through Syria (notably Damascus), Israel/Palestine (notably Jerusalem), and Mecca. He felt that his knowledge was useless in comparison to gnosis, the experiential, spiritual knowledge and that the political life was not compatible with a truly virtuous religious life. Four years into his position, he underwent a spiritual crisis that led to his leaving Baghdad and renouncing teaching. His main work was in Islamic jurisprudence and had significant political connections. 1058-1111):īorn in Tabaran, in what is now northwestern Iran, he remained there for 27 years intensely studying Islamic philosophy and religion, which led to his moving to Baghdad, where he was appointed a professor at Nizamiyyah College.